Thomas L. Netzel 

Professor, Biophysical Chemistry 
Ph.D., Yale University, (1973) 

Dr. Thomas Netzel 
Department of Chemistry 
Georgia State University 
P.O. Box 4098
Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098
Phone: (404) 413-5529;  FAX (same)
tnetzel@gsu.edu 
http://chemistry.gsu.edu/faculty/Netzel/
Tour of the Netzel Laboratories


Education Yale University Ph.D. - Chemical Physics 1973

Yale University M.Phil. - Chemical Physics 1970

Univ. of Wisconsin B.Sc. - Chemistry 1968

 

Overview My research subjects have included benzene crystals, reaction center proteins, chemically modified DNA duplexes, and organometallic catalysts. I measured the temperature-independent density-of-states for the lowest excited singlet state of crystalline benzene and showed that a Green's function expansion of the Hamiltonian successfully modeled exciton band mixing in isotopically doped benzene crystals. I measured and assigned the primary electron-transfer steps in photosynthetic bacteria. I also explored light-driven electron-transfer reactions and other radiationless decay processes in porphyrin, chlorophyll, and inorganic supramolecules. Much of this work required developing new picosecond spectroscopic instrumentation and measurement techniques. My absorption kinetics experiments cover the near-UV to near-IR spectral and 10-11 to 10-3 s temporal ranges with exceptionally small ∆A errors. This powerful instrumental capability makes it possible to investigate light-driven chemical reactions in both chemical and biochemical systems. My recent research encompasses the synthesis and physical characterization of covalently modified DNA nucleosides and duplexes. This work is focused on understanding the mechanisms of electron and hole transport through DNA duplexes and hairpins as functions of the number and type of bases separating covalently attached donors and acceptors. In January of 2001, GSU was granted a patent on the use of photoinduced charge separation in DNA as a detection method for biological and medical assays. We are currently consulting with viral immunologists and electrical engineers to develop photonic viral sensors based on this detection technology.

 

Work Experience

Georgia State University

Department of Chemistry

Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3083

 

1989-present Professor of Chemistry. Began in the summer of 1989 to design and construct laser kinetics, synthetic, and office spaces for occupancy in the spring of 1990. Present research activities concentrate on synthesizing, characterizing, and modeling covalently modified DNA nucleosides, oligonucleotides and duplexes. In this work DNA is labeled with redox active substituents to explore fundamental aspects of both primary photoinduced electron transfer reactions in nucleosides and subsequent secondary electron and hole transport in DNA duplexes. Today these studies are motivated by a desire to advance our understanding of the molecular basis of DNA damage due to ionizing radiation and to improve nucleic acid-based medical diagnostics assays. However, in the future they are also likely to be relevant to the DNA engineering of molecular-electronic and nanomechanical devices. Another initiative in this area involves both semi-empirical and ab initio quantum mechanical studies of the electronic properties of solvated electron transfer products in nucleoside conjugates and duplexes.

 

 

Amoco Technology Company, Amoco Research Center

Naperville, IL 60566

 

1985-1989 Staff Chemist - Physical Technology Division. Demonstrated that the hybridization specificity of short DNA oligomers allows them to function as templates for assembling covalently attached molecular labels. Thus chemically modified DNA duplexes can, in principle, now be constructed with specifically located molecular subunits to carry out energy, electron, and proton transfer reactions.

 

Directly observed the key intermediate (likely a s-complex) which leads to alkyl hydride formation after photoactivation of RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 in hydrocarbon solvents. This project used picosecond optical and FT-IR spectroscopies to explore the reaction mechanisms of organometallic and inorganic catalysts. In particular, I studied intramolecular charge-transfer processes in Os and Re complexes and C-H activation chemistry in Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, and Pt complexes. My strategy was to combine synthesis, reactivity screening, and mechanistic studies to develop strongly oxidizing inorganic complexes and homogeneous organometallic catalysts.

 

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Upton, New York 11973

1977-1985 Chemist. Showed that cofacial diporphyrins mimicked the primary charge separation in Photosystem II reaction centers and developed an automated picosecond absorption spectrometer capable of observing chemical intermediates from 10-11 to 10-3 s in the near-UV to near-IR spectral range. This project required coordinating synthetic, electrochemical, and spectroscopic work among a number of laboratories in the U.S., Canada, and England with the objective of developing porphyrin, chlorophyll, and inorganic supramolecules capable of transforming sunlight into chemical energy.

 

Bell Laboratories

Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974

 

1974-1977 Member of Technical Staff (MTS) - Economics Analysis Group. Quantified the regulatory, economic, and financial impacts of the Bell System's tax choices with respect to long-term debt refunding opportunities.

 

 

1972-1974 MTS - Chemical Physics Group. Measured and assigned the primary electron-transfer steps in reaction centers isolated from photosynthetic bacteria; developed the first double-beam picosecond spectrometer; created software for the simultaneous operation of three laser spectrometers with one Data General computer; and mentored scientists new to the field of picosecond spectroscopy.

 

 

Professional Society Memberships

 

American Chemical Society (ACS)

Inter-American Photochemical Society (IAPS)



Patents and Patent Filings

 

Template Directed Ligation of Probes, describes a new diagnostic test for infectious diseases and genetic defects. Cruickshank-Netzel-Telser Amoco Corporation Case 27459, Serial No. 444,021, U. S. filed 11/30/89; continued 9/16/91 and 9/7/93; abandoned 1994 due to business interest changes.

 

Methods and Apparatus for the Photo-Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acid. Netzel, T. L.; Georgia State University, assign.; USA, 2001, January 30; U. S. Patent No. 6,180,350 B1.

 

 

Awards, Community Service, and University Activities

 

Member (elected by the Chemistry Department) of the Georgia State University Senate, Fall 1999 - Spring 2007 (four two-year terms).

Committee Assignments:  Member of the Senate Budget (Fall 2000 - Spring 2005), Research (Fall 1999 - Spring 2004), Information Systems and Technology (IS&T) (Fall 2002 - Spring 2005), Commencement (Fall 2002 - Spring 2003), and Cultural Diversity Committees (Fall 1999 - Spring 2000).  Subcommitee Assignments:  Chair (Fall 2002 - Spring 2004) and Member (Fall 2004 - Spring 2005) of the GSU Joint Major Renovation and Repair (MRR) Subcommittee of the University Senate Planning & Development (P&D) and Budget Committees.  Member of the Internal Grants Subcommittee of the Senate Research Committee (Fall 2002 - Spring 2004).  Chair of the IS&T Ad Hoc Network Notification Policy Subcommittee (Fall 2004).

Member of the Academic Program Review Committee (APRC) of APACE as part of normal cycle of reviews for all GSU academic centers and departments (Fall 2004 and Spring 2005):  member of two review subcommittees, Counseling and Psychological Services (CPS) and Public Administration and Urban Studies (PAUS).

Member of the Chemistry Department's Faculty and Staff Accounting Oversight Committee (acting organizer and secretary) 2003 - 2005.

Member of the Chemistry Department's Curriculum Committee, GSU, 2000-2005.

Outstanding Service Award for 2004 presented by the American Chemical Society's Georgia Section for outstanding professional service as General Chair of the unusually successful and record-breaking 2003 Southeast Regional Meeting of ACS, May 24, 2004.

Member of the three-person Adminitrative Support Unit Review (ASUR) panel for the Library Support & Technology Initiatives (LSTI) division of GSU's Information System & Technology (IS&T) area (Spring 2004).

Member of the GSU Provost's Academic Program Evaluation Committee and its three-member subcommittee for review of the M.S. in Sports Administration and B.S. in Recreation and Leisure Services programs in the College of Education (Spring 2004).

American Chemical Society Certificate of Recognition to Thomas L. Netzel, General Chair, for Extraordinary Contributions to the Success of the 55th Southeast Regional Meeting, Atlanta, GA, November 16-19, 2003.

Member (elected) of the three-person Executive Committee of the Department of Chemistry, GSU (Fall 1997 - Spring 2001).

Departmental Representative on the College of Arts and Sciences Writing Across the Curriculum (WAC) Committee, GSU.

Member of the Graduate Faculty, GSU.

Member of the Advisement Committee for Chemistry Majors, GSU, 1990-1998.

Member of the Research Initiation Grant Review Panel for Natural Sciences - FY 97 Competition - GSU, April, 1996.

Certificate of Appreciation, GSU Student Government Handicapped Services Committee.

President of the Wildcliff Homeowners' Association, Atlanta, GA.

Member of the Advisory Committee to the Dean of the Yale Graduate School.

President and Vice-President of the Yale Graduate-Professional Student Senate, Inc.

NIH Pre-Doctoral and NDEA Fellowships.

University of Wisconsin House-Fellowship (in charge of Adams Hall).

 

 

Student and Postdoctoral Research Associate Awards

 

Young Scientist Travel Grant to C. Denise Mitchell (1st year graduate student of Thomas L. Netzel) from the Inter-American Photochemical Society to present a poster at the XVIIth IUPAC Symposium on Photochemistry, Barcelona, Spain, July 17-24, 1998: $1,200.

 

Prendergrast Fellowship to C. Denise Mitchell (2nd year graduate student of Thomas L. Netzel) from the Department of Chemistry, GSU. Top departmental graduate student award; partial stipend support over three years, 1998-2000: $4,500.

 

Dr. Charles E. Kerr (postdoctoral research associate of Thomas L. Netzel) was a First Place Winner of the 1999 Suddath Symposium Poster Competition in April 1999. His poster was titled, "Thymidine Analog Tools for the Study of Electron Transfer in DNA," C. E. Kerr, C. D. Mitchell, J. Headrick, T. L. Netzel, and B. E. Eaton, 7th Annual Suddath Symposium, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, April 9-10, 1999.

 

Mr. Yasser Hussein (4th year graduate student of Thomas L. Netzel) was a First Place Winner of the 2002 Suddath Symposium Poster Competition in April 2002. His poster was titled, "Spin Effects on Charge Recombination Lifetime in an Anthraquinone-Adenosine Nucleoside Conjugate," Y. Hussein, N. Anderson, T. Lian, I. Abdou, L. Strekowski, and T. L. Netzel1, 10th Annual Suddath Symposium, The Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, April 19-20, 2002.

 

 

Professional Service Activities

 

Member of the Southeast Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society (SERMACS) Steering Committee Executive Board, 2002-2004 and the American Chemical Society, Georgia Section's voting delegate to the SERMACS Steering Committee.

 

General Chair of the 55th Annual Southeast Regional Meeting of the American Chemical Society (SERMACS 2003) held November 16-19, 2003 at the Renaissance Hotel in Atlanta, GA.  (1,626 registered attendees; 1,100 abstracts of presentations published and now archived by ACS Chemical Abstract Services; $155,000 gross revenue; $95,000 net income to ACS)

 

Alternate Councilor and Executive Board Member of the American Chemical Society, Georgia Section in 2001 - 2003.

 

Founder and Chair of the American Chemical Society, Georgia Section's Committee on Legislative and Governmental Relations, 1998-2003.  On September 9, 2003, the Georgia Section was awarded the 2002 ACS President's Award for Local Section Government Affairs Activities at the ChemLuminary Awards Ceremony during the 226th national ACS meeting in New York City.  (Established and presented by the ACS Board Committee on Chemistry and Public Affairs, this public outreach award recognizes outstanding efforts by an ACS Local Section to advance public policy to benefit science and society and increase member involvement in government affairs.  In December 2003, the ACS GA Local Section Board presented this award statue to me.)

 

Member of the June 23-24, 2003 National Institutes of Health (NIH) Metallobiochemistry Study Section.

 

Invited by the American Chemical Society to travel to Washington, DC on May 1 and 2, 2001 to speak to congressional representatives and senators on federal science policy issues as part of the American Chemical Society's annual Visit Congress Program.

 

Chair-Elect, Chair, and Past-Chair of the Georgia Section of the American Chemical Society, 1997-2000.

 

Invited on February 15, 1996 to serve on the organizing committee of the IX Annual Inter-American Photochemical Society Conference held January 1-5, 1997 in Clearwater Beach, FL.

 

Invited on December 4, 1995 to organize the February 26, 1996 meeting of the Atlanta-Athens Chemical Physics Research Meeting held at Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA.

 

Invited on August 7, 1995 to speak at and organize a symposium on the subject of "Mechanisms of Electron Transfer in Biological Systems" held at the Annual National Meeting of the American Society for Photobiology the week of June 14-19, 1996 in Atlanta, GA.

 

Consultant for the Annual Science Fair of the Torah Day School of Atlanta, December 12, 1995.

 

Upper Division Science Fair Judge, Yeshiva High School, Atlanta, GA, April 2, 1995.

 

Member of the Four-person Site-visit Review Panel for the U. S. Department of Energy at New York University, New York, NY, September 29 and 30, 1994.

 

Member of the Yeshiva High School of Atlanta Science Facilities Advisory Committee, 1993.

 

Member of the Advisory Committee for the Center for Fast Kinetics Research of the University of Texas at Austin, 1989-1991.

 

 

Publication List

 

1. Isotope Effects in Intermolecular Interactions in Crystalline Benzene. S.D. Colson and T.L. Netzel, Chem. Phys. Letters 16, 555 (1972).

 

2. Electronic Band Structure for Isotopic Mixed Benzene Crystals. T.L. Netzel, S.D. Colson and D. Fox, J. Chem. Phys. 59, 475 (1973).

 

3. Resolved Emission from Compound States in Heavily Doped Benzene Crystals. S.D. Colson and T.L. Netzel, Molecular Phys. 26, 119 (1973).

 

4. Temperature-Independent Density-of-States Function for the S1(0,0) Band of Crystalline Benzene. S.D. Colson and T.L. Netzel, J. Chem. Phys. 59, 3107 (1973).

 

5. Picosecond Spectroscopy. T.L. Netzel, W.S. Struve and P.M. Rentzepis, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 24, 473 (1973).

 

6. Picosecond Kinetics of Reaction Centers Containing Bacteriochlorophyll. T.L. Netzel, P.M. Rentzepis and J. Leigh, Science 182, 238 (1973).

 

7. On the Nature of Exciton-Phonon Coupling in Crystalline Benzene. S.D. Colson, T.L. Netzel and J.M. van Pruyssen, J. Chem. Phys. 62, 606 (1974).

 

8. Picosecond Kinetics of Tetracene Dianions. T.L. Netzel and P.M. Rentzepis, Chem. Phys. Letters 29, 337 (1974).

 

9. Primary Events in Photosynthesis: Picosecond Kinetics of Carotenoid Bandshifts in Rhodopseudomonas Spheroides Chromatophores. J.S. Leigh, T.L. Netzel, P.L. Dutton and P.M. Rentzepis, FEBS Letters 48, 136 (1974).

 

10. Picosecond Kinetics of Electron Ejection and Recapture by Tetraphenylethylene Dianion. W.S. Struve, T.L. Netzel, P.M. Rentzepis, G. Levin and M. Schwarc, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 3310 (1975).

 

11. Picosecond Kinetics of Events Leading to Reaction Center Bacteriochlorophyll Oxidation. K.J. Kaufmann, P.L. Dutton, T.L. Netzel and P.M. Rentzepis, Science 188, 1301 (1975).

 

12. Electron Transfer in the Photosynthetic Reaction Center. P.L. Dutton, R.G. Prince, D.M. Tiede, K.M. Petty, K.J. Kaufmann, T.L. Netzel and P.M. Rentzepis, Proceedings of the Brookhaven Symposium in Biology, No. 28, June 7-9, 1979.

 

13. On the Ineffectiveness of Ubiquinone to Influence the Initial Oxidation of Bacteriochlorophyll. T.L. Netzel, P.L. Dutton, K.M. Petty, E.O. Degenkolb and P.M. Rentzepis, Advances in Molecular Relaxation and Interaction Processes 11, 217-220 (1977).

 

14. Effect of Reduction of the Reaction Center Intermediate Upon the Picosecond Oxidation Reaction of the Bacteriochlorophyll Dimer in Chromatium Vinosum and Rhodopseudomonas Viridis. T.L. Netzel, P.M. Rentzepis, D.M. Tiede, R.C. Prince and P.L. Dutton, Biochim. et Biophys. Acta 460, 467-479 (1977).

 

15. Early Events and Transient Chemistry in the Photohomolysis of Alkylcobalamins. J.F. Endicott and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 4000-4002 (1979).

 

16. Direct Measurement of the Rate of Intramolecular Electron Transfer in a Diruthenium Mixed-Valence Complex. C. Creutz, P. Kroger, T. Matsubara, T.L. Netzel and N. Sutin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 5442-5444 (1979).

 

17. Electron Transfer Reactions in Cofacial Diporphyrins. T.L. Netzel, P. Kroger, C.-K. Chang, I. Fujita and J. Fajer, Chem. Phys. Lett. 67, 223-228 (1979).

 

18. Lifetimes, Spectra, and Quenching of the Excited States of Polypyridine Complexes of Iron(II), Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II). C. Creutz, M. Chou, T.L. Netzel, M. Okumura and N. Sutin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 1309-1319 (1980).

 

19. Picosecond Kinetics Studies of Electron Transfer in Diporphyrin Models of the Photosystem II Reaction Center of Green Plants. T.L. Netzel, I. Fujita, J. Fajer and C.-B. Wang, Third Inter. Conf. on Photochemical Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy, Aug. 3-8, 1980, Golden, Colorado.

 

20. A Picosecond Spectrometric Search for Electron Transfer Reactions in Dimeric and Trimeric Reaction Center Models Containing Pyrochlorophyll. T.L. Netzel, R.R. Bucks, S.G. Boxer and I. Fujita, Third Inter. Conf. on Photochemical Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy, Aug. 3-8, 1980, Golden, Colorado.

 

21. A Report on Picosecond Studies of Electron Transfer in Photosynthetic Models. T.L. Netzel, R.R. Bucks, S.G. Boxer and I. Fujita in "Picosecond Phenomena II" (editors: R. Hochstrasser, W. Kaiser and C.V. Shank) Springer-Verlag, New York, 322-326 (1980).

 

22. The Primary Charge Separation and a Biomimetic Model of Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution. M.S. Davis, A. Forman, I. Fujita, T.L. Netzel and J. Fajer, Third Inter. Conf. on Photochemical Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy, Aug. 3-8, 1980, Golden, Colorado.

 

23. Oxidative Substitution Reactions of the Osmochrome Os(OEP)[P(OMe)3]2 in Chlorinated Solvents. N. Serpone, M.A. Jamieson and T.L. Netzel, J. Photochem. 15, 295-301 (1981).

 

24. Chapter 4, Electron Transfer Reactions in Reaction Centers of Photosynthetic Bacteria and in Reaction Center Models. T.L. Netzel, Biological Events Probed by Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy (R.R. Alfano, ed.) Academic Press, N.Y., pp. 79-177 (1982).

 

25. Temperature Dependence of the Lifetimes of the Ligand Field States of Tris(1,10-phenanthroline)Iron(II). M.A. Bergkamp, B.S. Brunschwig, P. Gutlich, T.L. Netzel and N. Sutin, Chem. Phys. Lett. 81, 147-150 (1981).

 

26. The Picosecond Photochemistry of a Cofacial Diporphyrin Containing Iron(III) and Zn(II): Mimicking Electron Transfer Between Cytochrome-c and the Primary Electron Donor in Reaction Centers of Photosynthetic Bacteria. I. Fujita, T.L. Netzel, C.-K. Chang and C.-B. Wang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 413-417 (1982).

 

27. A Picosecond Kinetics Study of the Excited State Properties of Some Osmium Octaethylporphyrins. N. Serpone, T.L. Netzel and M. Gouterman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 246-252 (1982).

 

28. Quenching of the Singlet Excited States of Meso-Substituted Porphines by p-Benzoquinone Under Unimolecular and Biomolecular Conditions: Evidence for Electron Transfer in Competition with Vibrational Relaxation. M.A. Bergkamp, J. Dalton and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 253-259 (1982).

 

29. Optically-Induced Electron Transfer Within Ion Pairs: The Os(5-Cl-phen)32+-Fe(CN)6-4 System. W. Rybak, A. Haim, T.L. Netzel and N. Sutin, J. Phys. Chem. 85, 2856-2860 (1981).

 

30. A Comparison of Ultrafast Electron Transfers in Porphyrin/Quinone and Mg/Free Base Diporphyrin Molecules: Mimicking Photosynthetic Charge Separations. T.L. Netzel, M.A. Bergkamp, C.-K. Chang and J. Dalton, J. Photochem. 17, 451-460 (1981).

 

31. Benzoquinone Quenching of Diporphyrin Excited States: Kinetics Evidence for Distinguishing Electron Transfer Photoproducts From (π,π*) States. T.L. Netzel, M.A. Bergkamp, C.-K. Chang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 1952-1957 (1982).

 

32. A Picosecond Spectroscopic Study of Chlorophyll-Based Models for the Primary Photochemistry of Photosynthesis. R.R. Bucks, T.L. Netzel, I. Fujita and S.G. Boxer, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 1947-1955 (1982).

 

33. Solvent and Structural Effects on Picosecond Electron Transfer Reactions in Diporphyrin Models of the Photosystem II Reaction Center of Green Plants. I. Fujita, J. Fajer, C.-K. Chang, C.-B. Wang, M.A. Bergkamp and T.L. Netzel, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 3754-3759 (1982).

 

34. Laser Studies of Radiationless Decay Mechanisms in Os2+/3+ Polypyridine Complexes. T.L. Netzel and M.A. Bergkamp, ACS Symposium Series "Inorganic Chemistry: Toward the 21st Century" (M.H. Chisholm, ed.) pp. 515-518 (1983).

 

35. Comparison of Radiationless Decay Processes in Osmium and Platinum Porphyrins. G. Ponterini, N. Serpone, M.A. Bergkamp and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 4639-4645 (1983).

 

36. Lifetimes of the Ligand-to-Metal Charge-Transfer Excited States of Iron(III) and Osmium(III) Polypyridine Complexes: Effects of Isotopic Substitution and Temperature. M. Bergkamp, P. Gutlich, T.L. Netzel and N. Sutin, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 3877-3883 (1983).

 

37. Quantum Yield Determinations for Sub-Nanosecond Lived Excited States and Photoproducts: Applications to Inorganic Complexes and Photosynthetic Models. M.A. Bergkamp, C.-K. Chang and T.L. Netzel, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 4441-4446 (1983).

 

38. Excited State Spectra and Lifetimes for Oxomethoxomolybdenum(V) tetraphenylporphyrin: A Comparison of d1 and d9 Metalloporphyrin Photophysics. N. Serpone, H. Ledon and T.L. Netzel, Inorg. Chem. 23, 454-457 (1984).

 

39. Picosecond Spectroscopic Studies of (d8-d8) Binuclear Rhodium and Iridium Complexes: A Comparison of 1B2 and 3B2 Reactivity in Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)bis(-pyrazolyl)-diiridium(I). J. Winkler, J. Marshall, T.L. Netzel and H.B. Gray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 2263-2266 (1986).

 

40. Excited-State Spectra and Lifetimes of Quadruply Bonded Binuclear Complexes: Direct Observation of a New Transient Species Following Decay of the 1(d,d*) State in Mo2Cl4(PBu3)4. J. Winkler, D. Nocera and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 4451-4458 (1986).

 

41. Direct Observation of Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer (MLCT) Excited States of Pentaammineruthenium(II) Complexes. J. Winkler, T.L. Netzel, C. Creutz and N. Sutin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 2381-2392 (1987).

 

42. Synthesis and Characterization of DNA Oligomers and Duplexes Containing Covalently Attached Molecular Labels: Comparison of Biotin, Fluorescein, and Pyrene Labels by Thermodynamic and Optical Spectroscopic Measurements. J. Telser, K.A. Cruickshank, L.E. Morrison and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 6966-6976 (1989).

 

43. DNA Oligomers and Duplexes Containing a Covalently Attached Derivative of Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II): Synthesis and Characterization by Thermodynamic and Optical Spectroscopic Measurements. J. Telser, K.A. Cruickshank, K.S. Schanze and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 7221-7226 (1989).

 

44. DNA Duplexes Covalently Labeled at Two Sites: Synthesis and Characterization by Steady-State and Time-Resolved Optical Spectroscopies. J. Telser, K.A. Cruickshank, L.E. Morrison, C.-K. Chan and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 7226-7232 (1989).

 

45. Ligand-Ligand Charge Transfer Excited States of Os(II) Complexes. T.A. Perkins, D.P. Pourreau, T.L. Netzel and K.S. Schanze, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 4511-4522 (1989).

 

46. Solvent Induced Excited State Quenching in a Chromophore-Quencher Complex. T.A. Perkins, W. Humer, T.L. Netzel and K.S. Schanze, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 2229-2232 (1990).

 

47. Dynamics of Reactive Intermediates as Probed by Flash Photolysis: The Rhodium(I) Complexes RhCl(CO)L2 (L=PPh3, P(p-tolyl)3 or PMe3). P.C. Ford, T.L. Netzel, C.T. Spillet and D.B. Pourreau, Pure and Appl. Chem., 62, 1091-1094 (1990).

 

48. Multiphasic Fe2+P(ZnP)+ Electron Transfer in ZnCcP/Cc Complexes: Conformational Control of Reactivity. S.A. Wallin, E.D.A. Stemp, A.M. Everest, J.M. Nocek, T.L. Netzel, and B.M. Hoffman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113(5), 1842-1844 (1991).

 

49. Substituent Effects on Carbanion Photophysics. 9-Arylfluorenyl Anions. L.M. Tolbert, S.F. Nesselroth, T.L. Netzel, N. Raya, and M. Stapleton, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 4492-4496 (1992).