In Memoriam

Thomas L. Netzel 
December 5, 1946 - September 4, 2008

Professor, Biophysical Chemistry 
Ph.D., Yale University (1973) 

A Netzel Scholars fund has been established in his name at Georgia State University College of Arts & Sciences.   If you wish to direct a gift to the Netzel Scholars Fund, please click here and then check the box marked "Other" and type in "The Netzel Scholars Fund" in the blank provided.  To give by mail click here.

The Georgia State University College of Arts & Sciences gifting page.

Thomas Leonard Netzel passed away on September 4, 2008 from aggressive prostate cancer.

Tom received his B.Sc. in Chemistry from the University of Wisconsin in 1968.  He then went to Yale, where he received his Ph.D. in Chemical Physics studying intermolecular interactions and the electronic band structure of crystalline benzene.  From 1972 - 1974 he was a member of the Chemical Physics Group at Bell Laboratories, studying photosynthetic bacteria and developing the first double-beam picosecond spectrometer.  After working with the Economics Analysis Group at Bell Laboratories from 1972 - 1976, he returned to chemistry at the Brookhaven National Laboratory (1977-1985).  In 1985, he joined the Physical Technology Division of the Amoco Technology Company as a Staff Chemist.  In 1989, Tom moved to Atlanta to join the Department of Chemistry as a Professor of Chemistry.  His work focused on synthesizing, characterizing, and modeling covalently modified DNA nucleosides, oligonucleotides, and duplexes.  The goal of this work was to understand the mechanisms of electron and hole transport through DNA duplexes.

 

Tom was very active in service.  His calm approach to problems, insightful analysis of situations, good cheer, and hard work were important in a number of venues.  In addition to community involvement, he was a member of the University Senate, and active in the local section of the American Chemical Society.  He is particularly remembered for his effective service as Chair of the Regional American Chemical Society meeting in Atlanta in 2003.  This led to his receipt of the 2008 ACS National Award for Volunteer Service “for significant contributions to the goals and objectives of the American Chemical Society.”

 

He is survived by his wife, Marla, as well as daughters Adira Netzel-Abramson and Rivka Monheit and their families.

 

Tom will be missed as a scholar, teacher, mentor, and friend.





Curriculum vitae

Education Yale University Ph.D. - Chemical Physics 1973

Yale University M.Phil. - Chemical Physics 1970

Univ. of Wisconsin B.Sc. - Chemistry 1968

 

Overview My research subjects have included benzene crystals, reaction center proteins, chemically modified DNA duplexes, and organometallic catalysts. I measured the temperature-independent density-of-states for the lowest excited singlet state of crystalline benzene and showed that a Green's function expansion of the Hamiltonian successfully modeled exciton band mixing in isotopically doped benzene crystals. I measured and assigned the primary electron-transfer steps in photosynthetic bacteria. I also explored light-driven electron-transfer reactions and other radiationless decay processes in porphyrin, chlorophyll, and inorganic supramolecules. Much of this work required developing new picosecond spectroscopic instrumentation and measurement techniques. My absorption kinetics experiments cover the near-UV to near-IR spectral and 10-11 to 10-3 s temporal ranges with exceptionally small ∆A errors. This powerful instrumental capability makes it possible to investigate light-driven chemical reactions in both chemical and biochemical systems. My recent research encompasses the synthesis and physical characterization of covalently modified DNA nucleosides and duplexes. This work is focused on understanding the mechanisms of electron and hole transport through DNA duplexes and hairpins as functions of the number and type of bases separating covalently attached donors and acceptors. In January of 2001, GSU was granted a patent on the use of photoinduced charge separation in DNA as a detection method for biological and medical assays. We are currently consulting with viral immunologists and electrical engineers to develop photonic viral sensors based on this detection technology.

 

Work Experience

Georgia State University

Department of Chemistry

Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3083

 

1989-present Professor of Chemistry. Began in the summer of 1989 to design and construct laser kinetics, synthetic, and office spaces for occupancy in the spring of 1990. Present research activities concentrate on synthesizing, characterizing, and modeling covalently modified DNA nucleosides, oligonucleotides and duplexes. In this work DNA is labeled with redox active substituents to explore fundamental aspects of both primary photoinduced electron transfer reactions in nucleosides and subsequent secondary electron and hole transport in DNA duplexes. Today these studies are motivated by a desire to advance our understanding of the molecular basis of DNA damage due to ionizing radiation and to improve nucleic acid-based medical diagnostics assays. However, in the future they are also likely to be relevant to the DNA engineering of molecular-electronic and nanomechanical devices. Another initiative in this area involves both semi-empirical and ab initio quantum mechanical studies of the electronic properties of solvated electron transfer products in nucleoside conjugates and duplexes.

 

 

Amoco Technology Company, Amoco Research Center

Naperville, IL 60566

 

1985-1989 Staff Chemist - Physical Technology Division. Demonstrated that the hybridization specificity of short DNA oligomers allows them to function as templates for assembling covalently attached molecular labels. Thus chemically modified DNA duplexes can, in principle, now be constructed with specifically located molecular subunits to carry out energy, electron, and proton transfer reactions.

 

Directly observed the key intermediate (likely a s-complex) which leads to alkyl hydride formation after photoactivation of RhCl(CO)(PMe3)2 in hydrocarbon solvents. This project used picosecond optical and FT-IR spectroscopies to explore the reaction mechanisms of organometallic and inorganic catalysts. In particular, I studied intramolecular charge-transfer processes in Os and Re complexes and C-H activation chemistry in Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, and Pt complexes. My strategy was to combine synthesis, reactivity screening, and mechanistic studies to develop strongly oxidizing inorganic complexes and homogeneous organometallic catalysts.

 

Brookhaven National Laboratory

Upton, New York 11973

1977-1985 Chemist. Showed that cofacial diporphyrins mimicked the primary charge separation in Photosystem II reaction centers and developed an automated picosecond absorption spectrometer capable of observing chemical intermediates from 10-11 to 10-3 s in the near-UV to near-IR spectral range. This project required coordinating synthetic, electrochemical, and spectroscopic work among a number of laboratories in the U.S., Canada, and England with the objective of developing porphyrin, chlorophyll, and inorganic supramolecules capable of transforming sunlight into chemical energy.

 

Bell Laboratories

Murray Hill, New Jersey 07974

 

1974-1977 Member of Technical Staff (MTS) - Economics Analysis Group. Quantified the regulatory, economic, and financial impacts of the Bell System's tax choices with respect to long-term debt refunding opportunities.

 

 

1972-1974 MTS - Chemical Physics Group. Measured and assigned the primary electron-transfer steps in reaction centers isolated from photosynthetic bacteria; developed the first double-beam picosecond spectrometer; created software for the simultaneous operation of three laser spectrometers with one Data General computer; and mentored scientists new to the field of picosecond spectroscopy.

 

 

Publication List

 

1. Isotope Effects in Intermolecular Interactions in Crystalline Benzene. S.D. Colson and T.L. Netzel, Chem. Phys. Letters 16, 555 (1972).

 

2. Electronic Band Structure for Isotopic Mixed Benzene Crystals. T.L. Netzel, S.D. Colson and D. Fox, J. Chem. Phys. 59, 475 (1973).

 

3. Resolved Emission from Compound States in Heavily Doped Benzene Crystals. S.D. Colson and T.L. Netzel, Molecular Phys. 26, 119 (1973).

 

4. Temperature-Independent Density-of-States Function for the S1(0,0) Band of Crystalline Benzene. S.D. Colson and T.L. Netzel, J. Chem. Phys. 59, 3107 (1973).

 

5. Picosecond Spectroscopy. T.L. Netzel, W.S. Struve and P.M. Rentzepis, Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem. 24, 473 (1973).

 

6. Picosecond Kinetics of Reaction Centers Containing Bacteriochlorophyll. T.L. Netzel, P.M. Rentzepis and J. Leigh, Science 182, 238 (1973).

 

7. On the Nature of Exciton-Phonon Coupling in Crystalline Benzene. S.D. Colson, T.L. Netzel and J.M. van Pruyssen, J. Chem. Phys. 62, 606 (1974).

 

8. Picosecond Kinetics of Tetracene Dianions. T.L. Netzel and P.M. Rentzepis, Chem. Phys. Letters 29, 337 (1974).

 

9. Primary Events in Photosynthesis: Picosecond Kinetics of Carotenoid Bandshifts in Rhodopseudomonas Spheroides Chromatophores. J.S. Leigh, T.L. Netzel, P.L. Dutton and P.M. Rentzepis, FEBS Letters 48, 136 (1974).

 

10. Picosecond Kinetics of Electron Ejection and Recapture by Tetraphenylethylene Dianion. W.S. Struve, T.L. Netzel, P.M. Rentzepis, G. Levin and M. Schwarc, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 97, 3310 (1975).

 

11. Picosecond Kinetics of Events Leading to Reaction Center Bacteriochlorophyll Oxidation. K.J. Kaufmann, P.L. Dutton, T.L. Netzel and P.M. Rentzepis, Science 188, 1301 (1975).

 

12. Electron Transfer in the Photosynthetic Reaction Center. P.L. Dutton, R.G. Prince, D.M. Tiede, K.M. Petty, K.J. Kaufmann, T.L. Netzel and P.M. Rentzepis, Proceedings of the Brookhaven Symposium in Biology, No. 28, June 7-9, 1979.

 

13. On the Ineffectiveness of Ubiquinone to Influence the Initial Oxidation of Bacteriochlorophyll. T.L. Netzel, P.L. Dutton, K.M. Petty, E.O. Degenkolb and P.M. Rentzepis, Advances in Molecular Relaxation and Interaction Processes 11, 217-220 (1977).

 

14. Effect of Reduction of the Reaction Center Intermediate Upon the Picosecond Oxidation Reaction of the Bacteriochlorophyll Dimer in Chromatium Vinosum and Rhodopseudomonas Viridis. T.L. Netzel, P.M. Rentzepis, D.M. Tiede, R.C. Prince and P.L. Dutton, Biochim. et Biophys. Acta 460, 467-479 (1977).

 

15. Early Events and Transient Chemistry in the Photohomolysis of Alkylcobalamins. J.F. Endicott and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 4000-4002 (1979).

 

16. Direct Measurement of the Rate of Intramolecular Electron Transfer in a Diruthenium Mixed-Valence Complex. C. Creutz, P. Kroger, T. Matsubara, T.L. Netzel and N. Sutin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 101, 5442-5444 (1979).

 

17. Electron Transfer Reactions in Cofacial Diporphyrins. T.L. Netzel, P. Kroger, C.-K. Chang, I. Fujita and J. Fajer, Chem. Phys. Lett. 67, 223-228 (1979).

 

18. Lifetimes, Spectra, and Quenching of the Excited States of Polypyridine Complexes of Iron(II), Ruthenium(II) and Osmium(II). C. Creutz, M. Chou, T.L. Netzel, M. Okumura and N. Sutin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 1309-1319 (1980).

 

19. Picosecond Kinetics Studies of Electron Transfer in Diporphyrin Models of the Photosystem II Reaction Center of Green Plants. T.L. Netzel, I. Fujita, J. Fajer and C.-B. Wang, Third Inter. Conf. on Photochemical Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy, Aug. 3-8, 1980, Golden, Colorado.

 

20. A Picosecond Spectrometric Search for Electron Transfer Reactions in Dimeric and Trimeric Reaction Center Models Containing Pyrochlorophyll. T.L. Netzel, R.R. Bucks, S.G. Boxer and I. Fujita, Third Inter. Conf. on Photochemical Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy, Aug. 3-8, 1980, Golden, Colorado.

 

21. A Report on Picosecond Studies of Electron Transfer in Photosynthetic Models. T.L. Netzel, R.R. Bucks, S.G. Boxer and I. Fujita in "Picosecond Phenomena II" (editors: R. Hochstrasser, W. Kaiser and C.V. Shank) Springer-Verlag, New York, 322-326 (1980).

 

22. The Primary Charge Separation and a Biomimetic Model of Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution. M.S. Davis, A. Forman, I. Fujita, T.L. Netzel and J. Fajer, Third Inter. Conf. on Photochemical Conversion and Storage of Solar Energy, Aug. 3-8, 1980, Golden, Colorado.

 

23. Oxidative Substitution Reactions of the Osmochrome Os(OEP)[P(OMe)3]2 in Chlorinated Solvents. N. Serpone, M.A. Jamieson and T.L. Netzel, J. Photochem. 15, 295-301 (1981).

 

24. Chapter 4, Electron Transfer Reactions in Reaction Centers of Photosynthetic Bacteria and in Reaction Center Models. T.L. Netzel, Biological Events Probed by Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy (R.R. Alfano, ed.) Academic Press, N.Y., pp. 79-177 (1982).

 

25. Temperature Dependence of the Lifetimes of the Ligand Field States of Tris(1,10-phenanthroline)Iron(II). M.A. Bergkamp, B.S. Brunschwig, P. Gutlich, T.L. Netzel and N. Sutin, Chem. Phys. Lett. 81, 147-150 (1981).

 

26. The Picosecond Photochemistry of a Cofacial Diporphyrin Containing Iron(III) and Zn(II): Mimicking Electron Transfer Between Cytochrome-c and the Primary Electron Donor in Reaction Centers of Photosynthetic Bacteria. I. Fujita, T.L. Netzel, C.-K. Chang and C.-B. Wang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 79, 413-417 (1982).

 

27. A Picosecond Kinetics Study of the Excited State Properties of Some Osmium Octaethylporphyrins. N. Serpone, T.L. Netzel and M. Gouterman, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 246-252 (1982).

 

28. Quenching of the Singlet Excited States of Meso-Substituted Porphines by p-Benzoquinone Under Unimolecular and Biomolecular Conditions: Evidence for Electron Transfer in Competition with Vibrational Relaxation. M.A. Bergkamp, J. Dalton and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 253-259 (1982).

 

29. Optically-Induced Electron Transfer Within Ion Pairs: The Os(5-Cl-phen)32+-Fe(CN)6-4 System. W. Rybak, A. Haim, T.L. Netzel and N. Sutin, J. Phys. Chem. 85, 2856-2860 (1981).

 

30. A Comparison of Ultrafast Electron Transfers in Porphyrin/Quinone and Mg/Free Base Diporphyrin Molecules: Mimicking Photosynthetic Charge Separations. T.L. Netzel, M.A. Bergkamp, C.-K. Chang and J. Dalton, J. Photochem. 17, 451-460 (1981).

 

31. Benzoquinone Quenching of Diporphyrin Excited States: Kinetics Evidence for Distinguishing Electron Transfer Photoproducts From (π,π*) States. T.L. Netzel, M.A. Bergkamp, C.-K. Chang, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 104, 1952-1957 (1982).

 

32. A Picosecond Spectroscopic Study of Chlorophyll-Based Models for the Primary Photochemistry of Photosynthesis. R.R. Bucks, T.L. Netzel, I. Fujita and S.G. Boxer, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 1947-1955 (1982).

 

33. Solvent and Structural Effects on Picosecond Electron Transfer Reactions in Diporphyrin Models of the Photosystem II Reaction Center of Green Plants. I. Fujita, J. Fajer, C.-K. Chang, C.-B. Wang, M.A. Bergkamp and T.L. Netzel, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 3754-3759 (1982).

 

34. Laser Studies of Radiationless Decay Mechanisms in Os2+/3+ Polypyridine Complexes. T.L. Netzel and M.A. Bergkamp, ACS Symposium Series "Inorganic Chemistry: Toward the 21st Century" (M.H. Chisholm, ed.) pp. 515-518 (1983).

 

35. Comparison of Radiationless Decay Processes in Osmium and Platinum Porphyrins. G. Ponterini, N. Serpone, M.A. Bergkamp and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 105, 4639-4645 (1983).

 

36. Lifetimes of the Ligand-to-Metal Charge-Transfer Excited States of Iron(III) and Osmium(III) Polypyridine Complexes: Effects of Isotopic Substitution and Temperature. M. Bergkamp, P. Gutlich, T.L. Netzel and N. Sutin, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 3877-3883 (1983).

 

37. Quantum Yield Determinations for Sub-Nanosecond Lived Excited States and Photoproducts: Applications to Inorganic Complexes and Photosynthetic Models. M.A. Bergkamp, C.-K. Chang and T.L. Netzel, J. Phys. Chem. 87, 4441-4446 (1983).

 

38. Excited State Spectra and Lifetimes for Oxomethoxomolybdenum(V) tetraphenylporphyrin: A Comparison of d1 and d9 Metalloporphyrin Photophysics. N. Serpone, H. Ledon and T.L. Netzel, Inorg. Chem. 23, 454-457 (1984).

 

39. Picosecond Spectroscopic Studies of (d8-d8) Binuclear Rhodium and Iridium Complexes: A Comparison of 1B2 and 3B2 Reactivity in Bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)bis(-pyrazolyl)-diiridium(I). J. Winkler, J. Marshall, T.L. Netzel and H.B. Gray, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 2263-2266 (1986).

 

40. Excited-State Spectra and Lifetimes of Quadruply Bonded Binuclear Complexes: Direct Observation of a New Transient Species Following Decay of the 1(d,d*) State in Mo2Cl4(PBu3)4. J. Winkler, D. Nocera and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108, 4451-4458 (1986).

 

41. Direct Observation of Metal-to-Ligand Charge-Transfer (MLCT) Excited States of Pentaammineruthenium(II) Complexes. J. Winkler, T.L. Netzel, C. Creutz and N. Sutin, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 2381-2392 (1987).

 

42. Synthesis and Characterization of DNA Oligomers and Duplexes Containing Covalently Attached Molecular Labels: Comparison of Biotin, Fluorescein, and Pyrene Labels by Thermodynamic and Optical Spectroscopic Measurements. J. Telser, K.A. Cruickshank, L.E. Morrison and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 6966-6976 (1989).

 

43. DNA Oligomers and Duplexes Containing a Covalently Attached Derivative of Tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II): Synthesis and Characterization by Thermodynamic and Optical Spectroscopic Measurements. J. Telser, K.A. Cruickshank, K.S. Schanze and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 7221-7226 (1989).

 

44. DNA Duplexes Covalently Labeled at Two Sites: Synthesis and Characterization by Steady-State and Time-Resolved Optical Spectroscopies. J. Telser, K.A. Cruickshank, L.E. Morrison, C.-K. Chan and T.L. Netzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111, 7226-7232 (1989).

 

45. Ligand-Ligand Charge Transfer Excited States of Os(II) Complexes. T.A. Perkins, D.P. Pourreau, T.L. Netzel and K.S. Schanze, J. Phys. Chem. 93, 4511-4522 (1989).

 

46. Solvent Induced Excited State Quenching in a Chromophore-Quencher Complex. T.A. Perkins, W. Humer, T.L. Netzel and K.S. Schanze, J. Phys. Chem., 94, 2229-2232 (1990).

 

47. Dynamics of Reactive Intermediates as Probed by Flash Photolysis: The Rhodium(I) Complexes RhCl(CO)L2 (L=PPh3, P(p-tolyl)3 or PMe3). P.C. Ford, T.L. Netzel, C.T. Spillet and D.B. Pourreau, Pure and Appl. Chem., 62, 1091-1094 (1990).

 

48. Multiphasic Fe2+P(ZnP)+ Electron Transfer in ZnCcP/Cc Complexes: Conformational Control of Reactivity. S.A. Wallin, E.D.A. Stemp, A.M. Everest, J.M. Nocek, T.L. Netzel, and B.M. Hoffman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113(5), 1842-1844 (1991).

 

49. Substituent Effects on Carbanion Photophysics. 9-Arylfluorenyl Anions. L.M. Tolbert, S.F. Nesselroth, T.L. Netzel, N. Raya, and M. Stapleton, J. Phys. Chem. 96, 4492-4496 (1992).

 

50. T.L. Netzel Technical Progress Report, Year 1, Contract ID No. DE-FG05-93ER61604, United States Deparment of Energy, Project Title: "An Exploration of Sequence Specific DNA-duplex/Pyrene Interactions for Intercalated and Surface-Associated Pyrene Species." Period: 5/15/93 to 04/30/94.

 

51. T.L. Netzel Technical Progress Report, Year 2, Contract ID No. DE-FG05-93ER61604, United States Department of Energy, Project Title: "An Exploration of Sequence Specific DNA-duplex/Pyrene Interactions for Intercalated and Surface-Associated Pyrene Species." Period: 5/01/94 to 04/30/95.

 

52. An Exploration of Sequence Specific DNA-Duplex/Pyrene Interactions for Intercalated and Surface-Associated Pyrene Species. T.L. Netzel, DOE/ER-0645 Summaries of Fiscal Year 1994 Projects in Medical Applications and Biophysical Research, U. S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Health and Environmental Research, Med. Applications and Biophys. Res. Div., April, 31-32 (1995). Avail. U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Admin., Nat. Technical Infor. Ser., Springfield, VA.

 

53. Direct Observation of Ultrafast C-C Bond Fragmentation in a Diamine Radical Cation. L.A. Lucia, Y. Wang, K. Nafisi, T.L. Netzel, K.S. Schanze, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 11801-11804 (1995).

 

54. Early-Time Dynamics and Reactivity of Polyoxometalate Excited States. Identification of a Short-Lived LMCT Excited State and a Reactive Long-Lived Charge Transfer Intermediate Following Picosecond Flash Excitation of [W10O32]4- in Acetonitrile. D.C. Duncan, T.L. Netzel, and C.L. Hill, Inorg. Chem. 34, 4640-4646 (1995).

 

55. Photophysics of 2'-Deoxyuridine (dU) Nucleosides Covalently Substituted with Either 1-Pyrenyl or 1-Pyrenoyl: Observation of Pyrene-to-Nucleoside Charge-Transfer Emission in 5-(1-Pyrenyl)-dU. T.L. Netzel, M. Zhao, K. Nafisi, J. Headrick, M.S. Sigman, and B.E. Eaton, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 117, 9119-9128 (1995).

 

56. Measuring Electron Transfer in DNA. N.B. Thornton, D.W. Dixon, and T.L. Netzel, Inter-Amer. Photochem. Soc. Newslett. 18, 14-19 (1995).

 

57. Base-Content Dependence of Emission Enhancements, Quantum Yields, and Lifetimes for Cyanine Dyes Complexed to Double-Strand DNA: Photophysical Properties of Monomeric and Bichromophoric Types of DNA Stains. T.L. Netzel, K. Nafisi, M. Zhao, J.R. Lenhard, and I. Johnson, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 17936-17947 (1995).

 

58. Base-Sequence Dependence of Emission Lifetimes for DNA Oligomers and Duplexes Covalently Labeled with Pyrene: Relative Electron-Transfer Quenching Efficiencies of A, G, C, and T Nucleosies Toward Pyrene*. M. Manoharan, K. Tivel, M. Zhao, K. Nafisi, and T.L. Netzel, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 17461-17472 (1995).

 

59. Direct Observation of Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Pyrene-Labeled dU Nucleosides and Evidence for Protonated 2'-Deoxyuridine Anion, dU(H)·, as a Primary ET Product. T.L. Netzel, K. Nafisi, J. Headrick, and B.E. Eaton, J. Phys. Chem. 99, 17948-17955 (1995).

 

60. Dynamic Behavior in the Light and Dark Phases of Alkane Photochemical Functionalization by [W10O32]4-. D. C. Duncan, B. S. Jaynes, T. L. Netzel, and C. L. Hill, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Chem. Sci.) 107, 729-733 (1995).

 

61. Electron Transfer Reactions in DNA. T. L. Netzel, J. Chem. Ed. 74, 646-651 (1997).

 

62. An Exploration of Sequence Specific DNA-Duplex/Pyrene Interactions for Intercalated and Surface-Associated Pyrene Species. T.L. Netzel, DOE Report Number DOE/ER/61604-1, Final Report, U. S. Dept. of Energy, Office of Health and Environmental Research, March 31 (1997). Avail. U. S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Admin., Nat. Technical Infor. Ser., Springfield, VA.

 

63. A Comparison of Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Electron Transfer Within DNA Duplexes. T. L. Netzel in Organic and Inorganic Photochemistry; Ramamurthy, V. and Schanze, K. S., eds.; Marcel Dekker, Inc.: New York; Molecular and Supramolecular Photochemistry Series 2, 1-54 (1998).

 

64. Present Status and Future Directions of Research in Electron-Transfer Mediated by DNA. T. L. Netzel, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 3, 210-214 (1998).

 

65. Intramolecular Quenching of Porphyrin Fluorescence by a Covalently-linked Ferrocene in DNA Scaffolding. N. B. Thornton, H. Wojtowicz, T. L. Netzel, and D. W. Dixon, J. Phys. Chem. B 102, 2101-2110 (1998).

 

66. Photoinduced Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Covalently Labeled DNA Oligomers. T. L. Netzel, NSF Progress Report Year 1, Grant CHE-9709318 (1998).

 

67. Synthesis of N6-(Anthraquinone-2"-carbonyl)-2'-Deoxyadenosine. I. M. Abdou, T. L. Netzel, and L. Strekowski, Heterocyclic Commun. 4, 387-391 (1998).

 

68. Photoinduced Electron Transfer Mechanisms in Covalently Labeled DNA Oligomers. T. L. Netzel, NSF Progress Report Year 2, Grant CHE-9709318 (1999).

 

69. Effect of DNA Scaffolding on Intramolecular Electron Transfer Quenching of a Photoexcited Ruthenium(II) Polypyridine Naphthalene Diimide. D. W. Dixon, N. B. Thornton, V. Steullet, and T. L. Netzel, Inorg. Chem. 38, 5526-5534 (1999).

 

70. CIS INDO/S SCRF Study of Electron Transfer Excited States in a 1-Pyrenyl Substituted 1-Methyluracil-5-Carboxamide Nucleoside Model: Dielectric Continuum Solvation Effects on Electron Transfer States. C. D. Mitchell and T. L. Netzel, J. Phys. Chem. B 104, 125-136 (2000).

 

71. Synthesis and Photophysics of a 1-Pyrenyl Substituted 2'-Deoxyuridine-5-Carboxamide Nucleoside: